Nicotine Use Disorder Essays - Smoking Cessation, Smoking

Nicotine Use Disorder My presentation is on Nicotine Use Disorder. It falls under substance related disorders in the DSM IV and is defined as, The disorders related to the taking of a drug of abuse (Including Alcohol), to the side effects of a medication and to toxin exposure. Let me first start with a brief introduction of smoking (the number one nicotine related killer) and some statistical data retrieved from the US Centers For Disease Control. Tobacco smoking is the number one cause of reversible mortalities in the United States. Tobacco use is related to 400,000 deaths annually in the United States. A person who smokes one pack a day has an average life expectancy 5 years less than a nonsmoker, and for a two pack a day smoker, 7 years less. Smoking is responsible for 30 percent of all cancers in the general population and 90 percent of all lung cancers in men and 79 percent in women. It also triplicates the risk of death from cardiovascular disease. There is also an increased risk of emphysema and bronchitis. However, nicotine dependence applies to all forms of tobacco to include cigarettes, chewing tobacco, snuff, pipes and cigars. It can also include prescription medications such as the nicotine gum and patch. The relative ability to produce dependence depends on the method of administration (smoked, oral or transdermal) and is also dependent on the nicotine content of the product. Contrary to some of the other substance related disorders, not all substance related dependence criteria apply to nicotine. Tolerance is usually observed as having a more intense effect the first time it is used during the day (The Morning Smoke) and the lack of dizziness and nausea after repeated administration. Another sign with individuals who use nicotine is the likeliness to find they use up their supply of nicotine producing drugs faster than they originally intended. Im sure you have all heard the phrase, Can I bum a smoke?. Nicotine dependence is more common among individuals with other mental disorders such as schizophrenia. Depending on the geographical segment of society studied, anywhere from 55 percent to 90 percent of individuals with other mental disorders smoke compared to 30 percent in the general population. Mood, Anxiety, and other related disorders are more prominent in those who are ex-smokers as well. This is a good basis for the theory that withdrawal effects can last well beyond the usual month of physical craving. With all the dangers associated with nicotine abuse, the question that begs to be asked is, Why do people continue to use nicotine?. In an independent study, 80 percent of individuals who use nicotine express a desire to quit and 35 percent make an attempt each year. Of that 35 percent though, only a meager 5 percent are successful in quitting Cold Turkey. One suggestion is that the individual feels he or she would have to give up important social, occupational, or recreational activities and is not willing to do so. Perhaps it masks another possible social disorder? Continued use despite obvious knowledge of medical problems is an important health problem plaguing society today. When an individual with nicotine use disorder attempts to quit, they go through a withdrawal phase that meets the following diagnostic criteria per the DSM IV: A.) Daily use of nicotine for at least several weeks B.) Abrupt cessation of nicotine use, or reduction in the amount of nicotine used, followed within 24 hours by four or more of the following signs: 1.) Dysphoric or depressed mood 2.) Insomnia 3.) Irritability, frustration, or anger 4.) Anxiety 5.) Difficulty Concentrating 6.) Restlessness 7.) Decreased heart rate 8.) Increased appetite or weight gain 9.) Craving C.) The symptoms in Criteria B cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The symptoms mentioned above are due in a large part due to nicotine deprivation and are typically more intense in people who smoke cigarettes than people who use other products containing nicotine. In most people who quit smoking their heart rates dropped 5 to 10 Beats per Minute in the first few days of quitting smoking and their weight increased 5 lbs on average. The biggest factor in nicotine withdrawal tends to be the craving. This tends to be the most difficult

Qui estce essays

Qui estce essays Molire, pseudonym of JEAN BAPTISTE POQUELIN (1622-73), French dramatist, and one of the greatest of all writers of comedies. His universal comic types still delight audiences; his plays are often produced and have been much translated. Molire was born in Paris on January 15, 1622, the son of a wealthy tapestry maker. From an early age he was completely devoted to the theater. In 1643 he joined a theatrical company established by the Bjarts, a family of professional actors; he married one of the members of the family, Armande Bjart, in 1662. The troupe, which Molire named the Illustre Thtre, played in Paris until 1645 and then toured the provinces for 13 years, returning to Paris in 1658. On their return Louis XIV lent the troupe his support and offered them occasional use of the Thtre du Petit-Bourbon and, in 1661, use of the playhouse in the Palais-Royal. Secure at the Palais-Royal, Molire for the rest of his life committed himself entirely to the comic theater, as dramatist, actor, producer, and director (Encarta 96). In 1659 the company presented Molire's Les prcieuses ridicules (The Affected Young Ladies). Written in a style similar to that of the older farces, it satirizes the pretensions of two provincial girls. The work took Paris by storm, and from that time until his death, at least one of Molire's comedies was produced each year (Comptons 95). L'cole des femmes (The School for Wives, 1662) marks a break with the farce tradition. Considered the first great seriocomic work of French literature, it deals with the part women played in society and their preparation for it; the play constitutes a bold satire on contemporary materialistic values and, as such, was denounced for impiety and vulgarity (Encarta 96). In Tartuffe ( first version, 1664; third and final version, 1669) Mol...

Delphi Compiler Version Directives

Delphi Compiler Version Directives If you plan on writing Delphi code that should work with several version of the Delphi compiler you need to know under which versions your code gets compiled. Suppose you are writing your own commercial custom component. Users of your component might have different Delphi versions than you have. If they try to recompile the components code- your code- they might be in trouble! What if you were using default parameters in your functions and the user has Delphi 3? Compiler directive: $IfDef Compiler directives are special syntax comments we can use to control the features of the Delphi compiler. The Delphi compiler has three types of directives: switch directives, parameter directives, and conditional directives. Conditional compilation lets us selectively compile parts of a source code depending on which conditions are set. The $IfDef compiler directive starts a conditional compilation section. The syntax looks like: {$IfDef DefName} ... {$Else} ... {$EndIf} The DefName presents the so-called conditional symbol. Delphi defines several standard conditional symbols. In the code above, if the DefName is defined the code above $Else gets compiled. Delphi Version Symbols A common use for the $IfDef directive is to test the version of the Delphi compiler. The following list indicates the symbols to check when compiling conditionally for a particular version of the Delphi compiler: SYMBOL - COMPILER VERSIONVER80 - Delphi 1VER90 - Delphi 2VER100 - Delphi 3VER120 - Delphi 4VER130 - Delphi 5VER140 - Delphi 6VER150 - Delphi 7VER160 - Delphi 8VER170 - Delphi 2005VER180 - Delphi 2006VER180 - Delphi 2007VER185 - Delphi 2007VER200 - Delphi 2009VER210 - Delphi 2010VER220 - Delphi XEVER230 - Delphi XE2WIN32 - Indicates that the operating environment is the Win32 API.LINUX - Indicates that the operating environment is LinuxMSWINDOWS - Indicates that the operating environment is the MS Windows/li]CONSOLE - Indicates that an application is being compiled as a console application By knowing the above symbols it is possible to write code which works with several versions of Delphi by using compiler directives to compile appropriate source code for each version. Note: symbol VER185, for example, is used to indicate Delphi 2007 compiler or an earlier version. Using VER symbols Its quite usual (and desirable) for each new Delphi version to add several new RTL routines to the language. For example, the IncludeTrailingBackslash function, introduced in Delphi 5, adds  \  to the end of a string if it is not already there. In the Delphi MP3 project, I have used this function and several readers have complained that they cant compile the project- they have some Delphi version prior to Delphi 5. One way to solve this problem is to create your own version of this routine - the AddLastBackSlash function. If the project should be compiled on Delphi 5, the IncludeTrailingBackslash is called. If some of the previous Delphi versions are used, then we simulate the IncludeTrailingBackslash function. It could look something like: function AddLastBackSlash(str: string) : string;begin{$IFDEF VER130}   Result:IncludeTrailingBackslash(str) ; {$ELSE}if Copy(str, Length(str), 1) \ then   Ã‚  Ã‚  Result : str   else   Ã‚  Result : str \;​{$ENDIF}end; When you call the AddLastBackSlash function Delphi figures out which portion of the function should be used and the other part is simply skipped. Delphi 2008 Delphi 2007 uses VER180 in order to maintain non-breaking compatibility with Delphi 2006 and then adds VER185 in order for development that specifically needs to target Delphi 2007 for whatever reason. Note: any time the interface of a unit changes the code that uses that unit has to be re-compiled. Delphi 2007 is non-breaking release meaning that DCU files from Delphi 2006 will work as-is.

Diversity Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Diversity Management - Essay Example Diversity management was considered as the best method in handling this particular situation in the workplace that concerns multiculturalism. Generally defined as the â€Å"systematic and planned commitment by organizations to recruit, retain, reward, and promote a heterogeneous mix of employees,† diversity management offers policies that would handle the various ethnic minorities in the industries such that their needs and competitiveness are met by the industry. Its theories and techniques were applied and further developed by a large number of officers, training specialists, consultants, and even academics to enhance its strategies in order to adapt to the multicultural work environment. Diversity management was thought to help improve organizational effectiveness and competitive advantage to organizations if managed well. But instead of fixing the dilemma of multiculturalism in the workplace and as well as the individual needs of the ethnic minorities in the workplace, div ersity management were found to have its concealed effect that further made the situation more difficult for them. Moreover, there are at the same time some issues that need to be addressed brought about by this new trend in the industries. Racial discrimination is one of the most common and the most prominent issues that rises above all others. Various ethnicities that are now associated with the industries globally, face different forms of discrimination that prevents them from realizing their fullest potentials in the workplace. What they have now is a continuing struggle against racial discrimination that limits their chances of attaining the highest possible role in the company they are connected with. Since its focus is more on the individual differences of each minority, diversity management contends with the individual roles as well as the role of each ethnic minority in enhancing labour productivity, innovation and efficiency. This further challenges and limits the development of an organizational structure that encourages a heterogeneous workplace environment. Diversity management's excessive focus on the individual and unique strengths based on his ethnicity confronts one's ability of integrating and associating himself in the group. (cited in Tomei, 2003) Diversity Management and Valuing Individual Differences in Europe/UK Equality among the members of a multicultural organization or industry remains as the most critical part in management strategies. And the introduction of diversity managem

Mark Zuckerberg as an Entrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mark Zuckerberg as an Entrepreneur - Essay Example 54). Individuals who add value to themselves by swindles or other socially distasteful acts are not helping society and, hence, are not entrepreneurs in our eyes. Even if an enterprise makes a profit by, for example, selling drugs to schoolchildren, it has not met the test of adding value to society Entrepreneurship is based on innovation and change as the main driven forces in business. Entrepreneurial behavior is a potential candidate to significantly influence marketing thought and practice because it deals directly with a key concept in marketing: bringing innovation successfully to market. Mark Zuckerberg is an entrepreneur and co-founder of the social networking site, Facebook. His personality and approach to business reflect the idea that diffusion of innovation is the discipline of marketing, it is an area of thought and practice that is relatively undeveloped in comparison to managing products in mature markets. Mark Zuckerberg borrowed the idea of social networking from his school, known as "Harvard-thing", This site links only Harvard students, so Zuckerberg decided to expend it and link it to other schools. His personal example shows that in Entrepreneur activities, a careful review of ideas is combined with the quantity and quality of accumulated knowledge about markets created by innovation and the marketing of innovation, as well as other activity directly dependent on marketing, is relatively scarce and in comparison with other areas, deficient. The scarcity and deficiency of accumulated knowledge can not be attributed to a single cause. However, three causes may partially explain the situation as it exists today. The first is the strong marketing discipline preoccupation with managing in mature markets. It should be clearly noted, of course, that most product markets are mature. The largest revenue streams and profit lie in maturity. Consequently, most current marketing texts are, a t least implicitly, primarily focused on issues centered in the environment of maturity and the strategies of market leaders and challengers. Zuckerberg is characterised as craft entrepreneur who applied two main drivers of innovation: expansion and growth (Burns, 2001). Reasons Modern management is often more "brand" orientated than "product" or innovation orientated. In contrast to this view, Zuckerberg followed a completely different approach based on unique decision-making. With the increasingly turbulent environment and the shorter product life cycle, this focus, of necessity, will have to change. Zuckerberg is characterized as a scientific craftsman who possesses a professional nature. He applied professional knowledge and skills in business world and developed a new product interested for millions of people around the globe. Type of Personalities Zuckerberg is a leader who possesses such skills as independent thinking and decision-making. What is important is to recognize that, for a variety of reasons, innovation, which is the central value of entrepreneurial behavior as well as a key concept in marketing, is increasingly important. It is important because innovation is disruptive, the product life cycle continues to shorten, more products are in the early stage of the product life

Diversity Among Individuals Essay Example for Free

Diversity Among Individuals Essay Diversity among individuals, as well as cultures, provides a challenge for nurses when it comes to delivering meaningful health promotion and illness prevention-based education. How do teaching principles, varied learning styles (for both the nurse and her patients), and teaching methodologies impact the quality of such education? How does understanding a patients view of health promotion and disease prevention guide you in teaching them? Provide an example. Education is impacted any time that the student (patient) does not understand what is being explained, so it is important for the instructor (nurse) to have multiple teaching styles and methodologies to ensure the information is clear and understood. Speaking with patients, while drawing pictures or diagrams, as well as giving them handouts to take home allows you to cover all but one type of learner. Understanding my patient’s view of health promotion and disease prevention helps guide me to what specific information the patient will need. For example, A 21 year old male who smokes tobacco and has multiple sex partners informs me that he has no desire to quit smoking and refuses you to discuss the matter with me. Attempting to educate this patient on quitting smoking will do harm than good. The patient will be frustrated and possibly angry at me for not respecting his feelings, this could possibly damage our nurse-patient relationship of trust and understanding. In this case I will respect the patient’s right to smoke and spend my time educating him on sexually transmitted diseases and the importance of safe sex. My 21 year old female tobacco smoker informs me that she would like to quit smoking but is having a hard time. In this situation I would speak with her about her difficulties quitting smoking, fears and anxieties. Provide information regarding medications that are available, programs and resources that are designed to help her, and other options like hypnosis and acupuncture. Understanding and being able to incorporate teaching principles, teaching methodologies, and learning styles are all very important in patient education and health promotion but it will do you little good if you do not have the patient’s buy in and willingness to change.

Fathers :: Personal Narrative Writing

Fathers The Capability From Grampa to Dad the tradition as joker was carried on. Dads carried things, brothers on shoulders, bags of groceries and twelve roses for mom. Hardly anybody knew, but Dad did, that garbage collected even between the prettiest gold hills in Northern California. So when he came home with lamps and couches that were neat in the elderly sort of way, we were supposed to sit around the presents and guess at their prices, bidding upward seventy-five dollars. And when Dad came down with a receipt for just five dollars our hands came down with it, clapping against the surprise shouting out our open smiles. Graveyard shifts at the canneries pulled the shades on our house, making us whisper quiet and skirt tip toes around the edges of shadows. But come those hauling jobs, Dad packed us up in the truck's cab and drove us to the dump, past the stories and stories of crushed cans, and past the stacked white walls of abandoned refrigerators that made one think of a bum's version of "what's behi nd that door?" We'd watch through the back window, always knowing that Dad weighed in solid enough to move a truck, because we felt his every hop on and off that back bed. Dad in short sleeves, Dad with long sleeves, peeled back by the show of darkened muscles and everything darkened under his sweat and concentration, until all was shoveled clear off the platform and his eyes opened again, bright and blue, so suddenly we were wondering how the sky above so clean and blue could hover over a stink so wretched. His Strength Unlike Paul Bunyan and Babe, his blue ox, Dad sleeps just down the hall, in the other bedroom. On weekends he and his friends trot down the road with their saws and axes, while the ladies stay inside, stirring lemonade. Their boots land so heavy, a solid slab of road can't last and it gives to gravel. As Dad pushes through the thicket branches break back from his wooden shoulders. Then he stops. This afternoon trees fall and fall under him and his crew. The walls of the house shake around the ladies and children. The cupboards rattle and long, dainty needles quiver in their sewing boxes. Dad can clear out a grove and take their shadows. That's how we see him standing, until the day he tumbles down the side of a mountain.

Human Genetic Engineering Research: Where to draw the line

Abstract Human genetic engineering is the manipulation of an individual's genotype with the goal of choosing the phenotype (Singers 1). This has already been a very controversial issue when it has been done on animals, but tampering with humans takes this issue to a whole different level. It holds the promise of curing genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis and improving the immunity of people to viruses (Conner 4). However, it also opens up a whole new world where the laws of nature can be broken.Parents can choose to change the gender of their baby; they can choose to change their appearance, and they can even choose to change the mental faculties of their baby like memory and intelligence (Sanded 1). This seems like something out of a science fiction movie but with our rapidly increasing technology, it is definitely more than a possibility. The genetic engineering of humans can be the greatest thing to ever happen to us, however, such power can lead to corruption and cause us to re gress as beings. Are we trying to make the world a better place for each other or are we Just making the world more superficial or should I say artificial?That's the main question that is asked as the intriguing issue of human genetic engineering is further evaluated. Human Genetic Engineering: Where to Draw the Line Perfection is something that human beings really haven't been able to relate to very well, but thanks to our rapidly advancing technology, that could all change. Human genetic engineering may be the breakthrough we need to tear down the walls that keep us from being perfect. However, there are many questions that need to be answered and things that need to be considered before we attempt to break through the walls.For instance, what if those walls are there for a reason? What if those walls aren't supposed to be torn down? Maybe they are there to protect us from perfection or perhaps protect perfection from us. A disease-free world sounds good to everyone but what about a world where parents can actually design their own child? What if not only the sex of the baby could be chosen by parents but also the hair color, eye color, intelligence, and even their talents (Sanded 1)? This is the path that human genetic engineering is leading us to; however, our main concern should be where that path will end.Human genetic engineering should be used only to cure diseases or other disabilities and not to the extent where we start treating human life like a computer game. We all should strive to be perfect but we should also have a certain level of respect for life and the lessons it teaches us. Otherwise our quest for perfection will only lead us into destruction. Jacqueline Vaughn Sister's article Assistance and Treatment is about the struggle disabled people go through to fit into society. They are stereotyped as pitiful and pathetic and they are often discriminated against (Sweeter 3).There seems to be a prevailing belief in our society where people who ar e â€Å"in need of charity are thought to be incapable of living the same life as others† (Sweeter 3). Because of these beliefs and stereotypes, the progress to fully include the handicapped in American life made even more difficult (Sweeter 3). The disabled are a minority group and they have fought hard to be recognized as one, however, there's no doubt that if every handicap had a choice they would choose not to be handicapped whether they were being treated equally or not.No one would miss being blind or being deaf. That's why Sweeter, who is raising awareness for the discrimination of handicapped, would agree with the argument that the use of genetic engineering should be limited to curing diseases and disabilities. The cruelty shown towards the handicapped is the exact reason why we shouldn't allow parents to design their children. It will Just leave us with more inequality because our human nature tends not to show humility and respect for those who are less advantaged than us.Jack Donnelley article The Concept of Human Rights explains how humans can have rights naturally. Human rights are supposed to be equal rights (Donnelly 2). Therefore every human being has the same rights (Donnelly 2), but how does this work when relating to children. On one episode of the Steve Wilkes show, there was a transgender man who was upset about being born a woman because his parents decided to go through with a gender selection operation despite being told that he would have more male hormones than female hormones.So this man felt that his rights were violated even though he was still unborn and he's right. You can't force any human to go through a completely unnecessary procedure, so why would the rules change if they're your own kid? Are kids not human too? Parents are supposed to make decisions for the better of their children but this was Just an act of selfishness. Donnelly would agree with the argument that genetic engineering shouldn't be allowed to the ext ent that parents can design their own kids for that very reason. It's unethical, irresponsible, and potentially harmful to the child.Melvin Sooner's article Genetic Enhancement Should Be Left to Personal Choice is about why human genetic engineering should be a personal choice like getting breast implants or taking steroids (Conner 3). He argues that â€Å"there's no intrinsic preference between inserting genes and inserting steroids† (Conner 2). People are always finding ways to enhance life and this is Just another way to do it. He does agree, however, that â€Å"the weightiest moral problem in the quest for perfection is that, it increases inequality' but that doesn't mean we shouldn't complete the quest (Conner 7).Antibiotics at one point were being used irresponsibly, but â€Å"the ethical path is not to stop using them but to use them more Judiciously' (Conner 7). Conner would disagree with the argument that human genetic engineering shouldn't be allowed to the extent that parents can design their babies because he takes a very liberal approach on this issue. The problem with his argument is that he fails to understand that the quest for perfection involves eliminating inequality, not increasing it.If we are increasing inequality, all we're doing is backtracking on the progress we've made as human beings and that's not what we want. Michael Sandal's article Genetically Designing Babies is Unethical explains why human genetic engineering shouldn't be allowed at all. He argues that â€Å"changing our nature to fit the world rather than the other way around is an ethical defeat† and an attack on our freedom (Sanded 6). He looks back at the dark history of eugenics and how it was the driving force behind the Nazi holocaust (Sanded 1).It was done to eliminate all of whom the Nazis considered as undesirables. Sanded argues that in the same way, â€Å"the successful would be even more likely than they are now to see themselves as self-made and self-sufficient, and those at the bottom of society would be seen not as disadvantaged, but simply as unfit† (Sanded 6). Sanded would disagree with the argument that human genetic engineering should be allowed to a certain extent because he is against the whole idea of genetic engineering. What he fails to realize in his argument is that as human beings, we have an obligation to improve our lives.If we can have a cure for the flu or for bronchitis, why not have a cure for blindness, ATA Cash disease, or any other sickness or disability that doctors can do nothing about? Human genetic engineering should only be allowed for use in the medical field to cure diseases and disabilities and not to the point where human life becomes a game. Genetic engineering is a scientific concern, but without boundaries t becomes a moral concern. Life is the most sacred thing anyone can have and it needs to be approached with caution and respect.It is also a great teacher and one of the main lesso ns it tries to teach us is humility. Humility involves accepting others for who they are and plays a key role when it comes to our relationships. When you think about what really matters in life, family and relationships with others tend to come up first which is really no coincidence. The purpose of life seems to be to lift up those around us and genetically designing babies will do the exact opposite of that. Parents who would choose to do this are doing it for cynical and selfish purposes.They are taking the child's freedom away so they can satisfy their own desires and out of those desires will come corruption. That's why a line needs to be drawn about to what extent human genetic engineering can be used. With great power comes great responsibility, so this is something we really can't afford to play around with. If genetic engineering to cure diseases becomes almost accessible as the flu shot, we will be that much closer on our quest to perfection. One day we will get through t hat all, but it's going to take one brick at a time.

Poop

Proposition Number six in California: what did it say? How was it decided? Rights from working in public schools in California. It was not passed due to the support of Harvey Milk, Pres. Carter, and other gay activists who argued for that act. 4. Why did Dan White resign?Why wasn't he allowed back? Dan White resigned because the salary he was receiving was not enough to support his family. Also found politics to be corrupt and unethical. He was not allowed back because of his arguments with Harvey Milk and other politicians. 5. How do you feel about the public response to Milk's and Anemone's murder? I believe the protestors had every right to gather in silence and try to accept what had happened to such great politicians. I completely agree with that one old women that was interviewed on the street that said â€Å"l am a very old women, and I do not want to be around when Dan comes out.I feel as though the protestors were so full of anger with the murders that the violent acts were almost inevitable. I feel as though they did need a way to grieve, but burning police cars took it a little too far, and people got hurt. 6. What happened in the trial of Dan White? Dan White said that he was not planning on killing anyone that day, although he had a gun in his pocket, extra bullets, and went through the window into the building. He also used the â€Å"Twinkle Defense† that he had consumed so much Junk food causing him to do such horrible things. He was sentenced for 5 years in prison for man slaughter.

Role of Education in Women Empowerment with Special Reference to the Economy of Assam Essay Example

Role of Education in Women Empowerment with Special Reference to the Economy of Assam Essay Example Role of Education in Women Empowerment with Special Reference to the Economy of Assam Essay Role of Education in Women Empowerment with Special Reference to the Economy of Assam Essay Women’s contribution to the economy of Assam cannot be ignored. From household activities to economic activities out of the household have been performed successfully by the women of Assam. Women constitute almost half of the population in the state; though a large womenfolk of state are still illiterate, the weak, backward and exploited.Thus, the term Women empowerment comes into existance. If we plan for a economically developed country, we must think for the better status of women. This is possible only through the attainment of the higher level of literacy as well as education for women. It has been already proved that educated women can play a very important role in the economic development of the country. Women education promote women empowerment, which in turn leads to the economic empowerment of women themselves as well as the society as a whole with the knowledge, skills and self-confidence.Now, It is high time to devote more attention on the women education in our st ate to realise the women’s contributions at large to the economy of the state . KEYWORDS: Women Education, Women Empowerment, Economic Development. Introduction – ‘Economy of Assam can be described as underdevelopment one. ’ This is because of its intact poverty, underutilised manpower untapped natural resources. 1 The researchers and authors have never given importance of the contribution of women in the economy of Assam.Whereas, women’s contribution to the economy of Assam cannot be ignored. From household activities to economic activities out of the household have been performed successfully by the women of Assam. Despite they are almost fifty in hundred and bearing all the positive aspects, it is a matter of fact that women in this world are living with an insignificant status, both in the family and society. Out of all poverty-stricken people living in this world, 70 percent are women.For those women, poverty does not just mean scarcity and wan t; it means rights denied, opportunities curtailed and voices silenced. If we consider the some facts, we find women work two-thirds of the world’s working, whereas women (i) earn only 10 percent of the world’s income, (ii) own less than 1 percent of the world’s property, (iii) make up two-thirds of the total adults worldwide who cannot read or write. 2 All these hold good in case of Assam economy also. This is the background, the world community thought over the entity of empowerment of women, its need and significance.Empowerment recognizes the inner power of individuals; our understanding of women empowerment reminds us that change- improvement in the physical, economic, political or social well-being of women. Question arises what is the mosly cited factor responsible for bringing about the women empowerment. It is education, which is one of the most important means of empowering women with the knowledge, skills and self-confidence necessary to participate f ully in the development process. Education is important for everyone, but it is especially significant for girls and women.This is true not only because education is an entry point to other opportunities, but also because the educational achievements of women can have ripple effects within the family and across generations. It is not possible for an economy to be developed, without giving due importance on women (which constitute the half of total) and their activities. The empowered women only are shared with that status. In the similar way, this is possible only with women education, both with quality as well as quantity. Objectives – 1.To see the status and trend of women empowerment in the study area in terms of various indicators. 2. To see the contribution of women in the economy of Assam and to see how empowerment of women is helpful for the development of an economy. 3. To see the role of women education in the realisation of women empowerment and thereby growth of th e economy. 4. To overcome the constraints faced by the women in the study area and to forward some meaningful inferences and suggestions on the findings of the study. Key Questions – Assam economy has a great contribution of women folk.The amount of contribution can be enhanced considerably by getting the empowered women; which is finally realised only by creating environment for qualitative as well as quantitative women education. Data source and Methodology- The Study Area- Assam, a constituent State of India, is located in North Eastern part of the country and situated within the longitude 90o E to 96o E and latitude 24o N to 28o N. The area of the state is 78,438 sq. kms. The economy of Assam is mainly agrarian in nature. The population of the state is Total 31. 7 million according to 2011 census of which 1,52,14,345 are female. As regards sex ratio, it is 954 females per 1000 males as per report of 2011 census. Basic data on the position of women in the state vis-a-vis m en reveals that there is a glaring inequality between them. Methodology – The study is basically analytical and descriptive. Moreover, it is prepared mostly with secondary data, also depending on observation. The techniques of synthesis have been applied to analyze the data and as such, the findings and suggestions have been sorted out. Results and Discussion-Women in Economy There is an important co-relation between women and economy in the context of Assam economy. The activities for women in soil conservation, social forestry, dairy development and other occupations allied to agriculture like horticulture, livestock including small animal husbandry, poultry, fisheries etc are being expanded to benefit women workers in the agriculture sector. Economic Development may be rgarded as a woman’s path to self-mastery. Women get the opportunity to gain social, political and economic skills, which opens a greater field of action.Women who received credit and who sustained s ocial, political and business-development training for more than three years displayed greater independence, increased household decision-making, more control of resources, and more equality within the home. Education The female literacy level among the women in Assam have been growing up in the podt- independence era. Table: 1 Female Literacy at a glance in Assam Particulars Unit 2001 Census 2011 Census (P) LiteracyTotalPer cent 63. 2573. 18 a) MalePer cent 71. 8 78. 81 b) Female Per cent 54. 61 67. 27 Source: Gov of Assam, Economic Survey, Assam, 2010-11 The table shows that the female literacy inceased to 67. 27 per cent in the 2011 census, which was 54. 61 per cent in 2001 census. For a state, 12. 66 percent increment in a decade is not said to be a less amount. But there is a lot of works to be done by the policymakers of the state. Although during 1991-2001, annual average growth rate of female literacy (1. 3 per cent) was more than that of male literacy rate (0. 997 per cen t). Women Empowerment -Empowerment recognizes the inner power of individuals; women empowerment reminds us that change- improvement in the physical, economic, political or social well-being of women. When poor or weak women become actors for change, able to analyze their own lives, make awareness, skills, knowledge, confidence and experience and structures their own decisions and take their own actions. Many scholars have provided suitable definitions of women empowerment. â€Å"Empowerment is the process by which the powerless gain greater control over the circumstances of their lives.It includes both controls over resources and over ideology †¦. a growing intrinsic capability- greater self confidence, and an inner transformation of one’s consciousness that enables one to overcome external barriers †¦. 3 Women Education leads Women Empowerment We have already discussed that education acts as the best tool to be helpful in women in difficult circumstances. Adding value of education to their lives, the disadvantaged groups, women in extreme poverty, destitute women, omen in conflict situations, women affected by natural calamities, women in less developed regions, the disabled widows, elderly women, single women in difficult circumstances, women heading households, those displaced from employment, migrants, women who are victims of marital violence, deserted women and prostitutes etc can have their solution to be free extensively from the constrains faced by them. It is known to all that female education has a long-term effects. Educated women have fewer, healthier children, and they have them when they are older.The result is children who are more successful in school, largely because they benefit from their mothers’ education. Educating girls and integrating them into the labor force is one way to break an intergenerational cycle of poverty. In contrast to all odds, education is the most important means of empowering women with the k nowledge, skills and self-confidence necessary to participate fully in the development process. Education is important for everyone, but it is especially significant for girls and women.This is true not only because education is an entry point to other opportunities, but also because the educational achievements of women can have ripple effects within the family and across generations. Investing in girls education is one of the most effective ways to reduce poverty. Investments in higher education for girls yields especially high dividends. Girls who have been educated are likely to marry later and to have smaller and healthier families. Educated women can recognize the importance of health care and know how to seek it for themselves and their children.Education helps girls and women to know their rights and to gain confidence to claim them. Education has far-reaching effects. The education of parents is linked to their childrens educational attainment, and the mothers education is usually more influential than the fathers. An educated mothers greater influence in household negotiations may allow her to secure more resources for her children. Educated mothers are more likely to be in the labour force, allowing them to pay some of the costs of schooling, and may be more aware of returns to schooling.And educated mothers, averaging fewer children, can concentrate more attention on each child. Closing the gender gap in education is a development priority. The 1994 Cairo Consensus recognized education, especially for women, as a force for social and economic development. Universal completion of primary education was set as a 20-year goal, as was wider access to secondary and higher education among girls and women. Closing the gender gap in education by 2015 is also one of the benchmarks for the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). 4 Present Status -The status of women and their empowerment in terms of various indicators such as access to education, employment, hous ehold decision making power, financial autonomy, freedom of movement, exposure to media, political participation, experience of domestic violence etc can not be daid to be satisfactory in the state of Assam. We have miles to go for having positive indicators, like, decision making, poverty eradication, micro credit, education, health, nutrition, drinking water and sanitation, housing and shelter, environment, science and technology, support services, violence against women, rights of the girl child, mass media.The female work participation rate in Assam which was 4. 66 per cent in 1971 increased to 21. 61 per cent in 1991 and declined to 20. 71 per cent in 20016 The Girls’ Educational Index (GEI) in early 80s was 0. 499 in Assam (G. O. I. , 2002). During 1990s the GEI for India was increased to 0. 575 in Assam. Assam was ranked in 29th position among 32 States and Union Territories according to GEI measure and was ranked below Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland (Assam H uman Development Report, 2003). In Assam women may be visible at public places and institutions, as there is freedom of movement, but her visibility does not give her power, she is very unlikely to be a member in the decision making bodies of these institutions. Data on managerial bodies of schools and colleges, public institutions, religious institutions reveal the invisibility of women in power. Key Findings The female literacy level among the women in Assam have been growing up in the podt- independence era. The female literacy inceased to 67. 27 per cent in the 2011 census, which was 54. 61 per cent in 2001 census.For a state, 12. 66 percent increment in a decade is not said to be a less amount. But there is a lot of works to be done by the policymakers of the state. Occupational structure of women of Assam reflects that a major part of the total women are engaged in agriculture sector and generated a considerable amount of income for their livelihood. In these days, the young generation are showing tendency in service and business sector , which is an indicators of the movement of the society towards development. Women engaged in service are not satisfactory but there is tremendous improvement.Like service sector an identical picture is also seen in case of business sector. A substantial amount of educated young women are attracted towards different types of business activities, small scale and cottage industries based on locally available natural resources, shopkeeper etc. Various types of income sources are adopted by the women in tribal communities of Assam, such as, agriculture, weaving, poultry, piggery business, service, traditional industries and wage labour. Among these activities traditional industries like handicraft, weaving, preparation of traditional wine, piggery and poultry are mentionworthy.Women of Assam enjoy somewhat a disadvantageous position both in absolute sense and relative to men in the area of access to education, employment,exp osure to media, household decision making capacity, workforce participation rate, control over resources etc. Micro-finance – including micro-credits – is often considered as an instrument that promotes empowerment. Whilst it can stabilise livelihoods, broaden choices, provide start-up funds for productive investment, help poor people to smooth consumption flows and send children to school, it can also lead to indebtedness and increased exclusion unless programmes are well-designed.Suggestions – It is stablished fact that education is the key role player for empowerment of women, which is, in turn, responsible for economic development as a whole. So, for creating the goal an empowered women for economic development, the following strategies need to be taken into action by the Govt. in partnership with NGO and Community- 1. Creating community demand for girls education not only elementary level but also all the level of education. 2. The Technical and Vocational education should be made available for girls. 3.Nos of such school need to extent up to all village of the community. 4. The adult education programme in rural area is essential. 5. Efforts should made to solve the drop out problem of girls education in rural area 6. Participation of women in the high income generating activities like fashion designing, tailoring, food processing beautician, need to increase. For which following means should be adopted: a. Training facilities should be there in rural area through which the women of the community will get better chance to be specialized in this field. b.Knowledge and information on Global changing business environment like marketing in formation, the change of test, habit, preference of the consumer should be provided regularly through government and Non-government efforts like NGO, SHGs, Mahila Sangathan. c. Gender and poverty sensation programme should be developed to create an environment where by all will work together to remove all the disparities physical, social and economic. Conclusion – Achieving women’s economic empowerment is not a â€Å"quick fix†. It will take sound public policies, a holistic approach and long-term commitment from all development actors.Providing supplementary services – such as training, working through groups rather than individuals, or alongside other investments in awareness raising – has been shown to increase women’s direct control over resources. 5 In the United Nation’s 2005 report on the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of the United Nations, writes: â€Å"The full participation of women to all levels of decision-making is a basic human right. † The central argument is that women play a fundamental role in development.Accordingly, in the same report, Kofi Annan argues that gender equality is in fact a â€Å"prerequisite† to achieving the other MDGs. 6 Former World Bank Pr esident, James Wolfensohn, addressing the Fourth UN Conference on Women, said: Education for girls has a catalytic effect on every dimension of development: lower child and maternal mortality rates; increased educational attainment by daughters and sons; higher productivity; and improved environmental management. Together, these can mean faster economic growth and, equally important, wider distribution of the fruits of growth in economy.More education for girls will also enable more and more women to attain leadership positions at all levels of society: from health clinics in the villages to parliaments in the capitals. This, in turn, will change the way societies will deal with problems and raise the quality of global decision-making. 6 References – 1. Dhar, P. K. , ‘The Economy of Assam- Including Economy of North East India’,( 2009), Kalyani Publishers, Guwahati 2. Islam, N. , ‘Economic Empowerment of Women in the District of Goalpara: A Case Study with Special Reference to Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana’, National Seminar Volume, (Ed. ) Kshyap, S. K. Goswami, N. and Dutta, A. , ‘Economic Empowerment of Women in the North East Region: Issues and Challenges’, Barbhag College, Kalag, Nalbari (Assam) September, 2012 (ISBN 978-81-910818-3-7) 3. Mahanta, B. (Supervisor: Prof. P. Nayak),‘Women Empowerment in Assam: A Human development Approach’(M. Phil Synopsis), Department of Economics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong (2008). 4. Assam Human Development Report, 2003 and Govt. of Assam). 5. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2011), The state of food and agriculture, 2010-2011: women in agriculture, closing the gender gap for development, FAO, Rome. . Duflo, E. , â€Å"Women Empowerment and Economic Development’’, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Journal of Economic Literature 2012, 50(4), 1051–1079, http://dx. doi. org/10. 1257/jel. 50. 4 . 1051 ++++++ From: Name: NAZRUL ISLAM Designation: Asstt. Professor ; HoD, Economics. Sex: Male Name of the Institution: Dalgoma Anchalik College, Matia, Goalpara -783125. Address for Correspondance: Nayapara, Krishnai, Goalpara -783126. Email ID: nazrul. [emailprotected] com Participation: With Paper Title of the paper: Role of Education in Women Empowerment with special reference to the Economy of Assam. Date: Signature

Alternative Energy Sources Essay Example for Free (#3)

Alternative Energy Sources Essay What does a car, heater, and stove have in common? They are all powered by fuel sources. The most popular being fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are dead plant and animal matter that has been compressed and heated over millions of years. They are burned to create heat, which in turn creates energy. However, with heavy industrialization (agricultural and manufacturing), transportation, and personal energy use, our world’s fossil fuel supplies are rapidly depleting. Even more, fossil fuels pollute our environment. Scientists are on the search for alternative energy sources so the world can be weaned of its fossil fuel supply. Out of the many alternative fuel sources, I will be focusing on solar and wind power. Solar power is simply the conversion of energy from the sun into usable energy. Solar energy can be harvested in two ways: indirectly by using the heat of the sun and directly by utilizing its energy to turn it into electricity. What makes solar power so popular is the fact that it can be used anywhere that has sunlight. Solar power can be collected in 3 different ways: solar heat collectors, solar thermal concentrating systems, and photovoltaics. Solar heat collectors are collectors that are designed to absorb the heat from the sun. The most common ones are flat plate collectors that have a dark absorber plate that is covered with a transparent plate (usually glass). In between the two plates are pipes that are filled with heat-transferring liquid like antifreeze. When sunlight strikes the absorber plate in the collector, the heat is absorbed into the liquid, which is then passed through pipes to the water heater. When the liquid is finished being used, it flows back up to the plate where it is heated again and repeats the process. Solar thermal concentrating systems use mirrors and lenses to concentrate the energy of the sun into a small area to produce energy. The energy heats up molten salt in pipes that run along the concentrating system which is the power source of a generation system. The concentration system can make the liquid in the pipes heat up to 3000 degrees Celsius in some cases, which makes this method preferable for industrial use or electricity. Finally, the use of photovoltaics directly converts light from the sun into electricity at the atomic power. The system consists of a solar cell, which is made of semi-conductive materials like silicon. The solar cells are made to create an electric field. When the light from the sun hits the cell, the lectrons are separated from the atoms and form an electric current, which produces electricity. There are many benefits for using solar power as an alternative fuel source. 1) Solar power is constantly renewable. The energy from the sun will virtually never run out. 2) The sun is also available world wide so it is a power that everyone can use. 3) Solar energy is also very low maintenance; after installation of the systems there is barely any other work involved with it. In addition, 4) it is a silent producer of energy, even with the photovoltaic cells. However there are a few cons that go along with solar energy. ) Even though the sun is a free source of energy, the cost of solar cells can be quite costly with most cells starting a $1000 for one. 6) Solar energy can only be produced when the sun is out so that means about half of the day solar panels aren’t generating electricity. Lastly, 7) weather can affect the efficiency of the solar panels. Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useable form of energy. Wind power is used widely around the world since there is wind everywhere, however you are most likely to find wind power being used in higher elevations (such as hills) since that is where the wind is the strongest. Wind power is harvested with wind turbines. The process is pretty simple: the wind spins the turbines, which activates a generator, which converts the energy into electricity. Like solar power energy, 1) wind power is sustainable and renewable since wind will always be around to move the turbine. 2) Wind power is also free. 3) The land that the wind turbines are on can be shared for other uses such as farming. 4) Since wind power is available worldwide, the US can use the turbines as its own fuel source and free its dependence from foreign oil. On the negative side, 5) wind turbines can take up a lot of space. ) Even though it is a clean source, the turbines can be very noisy which may be bothersome to nearby communities. Lastly, 7) the cost of wind turbines and the generators are far more expensive than fossil fuels, which makes it a poor competitor cost-wise. With the depletion of fossil fuels, alternative fuel sources are the obvious choice for the present and future. Two of these sources, solar and wind power, are both revolutionizing the way we produce electricity, while benefiting the environment. Even though they both have a few cons, the fact that we have energy sources that are both sustainable and renewable is far superior to the latter. Alternative Energy Sources. (2017, Jan 25).

Supply Chain Management Case Analayis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supply Chain Management Case Analayis - Essay Example Effective supply chain management (based on collaboration between a manufacturer and retailer) allows companies to reduce costs and anticipate the demand. Another important factor is improved technology (the internet connection and computer databases) which improves coordination and control mechanisms (Simchi-Levi et al 2008). 2. In order to improve the situation, the companies should cooperate and plan their activities together. Also, they should pay a special attention to scheduling stage. Scheduling of production/operations covers detailed planning of quantities and times, facilitating the efficient and continuous operation of the process. Where smoothing is difficult to achieve, scheduling could play the role of a cushioning device. For example, it is difficult to make customers change their buying behavior, to buy diapers size two instead of size one. Instead of smoothing demand (externally) companies try to deal with the problem internally by producing at a constant rate throughout the year and building up inventories or by stepping up the production rate as the seasonal peak in demand occurs. Even if Kimberly-Clark opens its own stores, it will not benefit the company and can damage sales in Costco stores. The main problem is that Kimberly-Clark has limited product range and most buyers prefer to s ave time and visit supermarkets where they can buy goods and products for the whole family. Kimberly-Clark and Costco should cooperate and implement a new advertising campaign aimed to attract potential customers and popularize Kimberly-Clark products (Simchi-Levi et al 2008). 3. For Costco, the main advantages of supply chain management are low inventory cost and no need for ordering itself, 'full shelves' and low warehousing cost, low price which attracts consumers and saves on staff. For Kimberly-Clark, the main advantages are effective data analysis and forecasting of demand, stable sales and control over sales. This process helps Kimberly-Clark to plan its production and avoid overproduction of certain products. In general, the advantage of supply chain management is flexibility of all operations. In contrast, by encouraging the use of large batches, it deters a firm from becoming flexible in responding to changing customer needs. "A proposed supply chain is one in which all the operations that go toward manufacturing a particular product and its variations are grouped together" (Christopher 2005, p. 54). 4. The main advantage if in-house operation is a quick response, reduced time and control over the supply. Also, it allows the company to deliver better service and improve overall service level. The main disadvantage is limited number of products and dependency upon a single manufacturer. The advantages of external sources are market analysis and opportunities to switch from one supplier to another, buy low cost and high quality products from different suppliers. Many customers are brand loyal seeking a particular brand or a product. Cooperation (strategic alliance) with one company limits market opportunities of the retailer. In order to achieve greater value through reductions in both batch volumes and in barriers between operations, it would also be worthwhile and cost effective to use external sources of supply.